The results of the studies show that these processes are highly path dependent:

• Despite the substantially changed socio-economic context, the institutional regulations conceived at the beginning of the 1990s on opening up specific segments of the German labour market to "Eastern" workers once again follow the logic of the guestworker regime of the 1950s.
• The employment of guest researchers from the transformation countries in German research institutes is also based on the principle of rotation.

In both cases, this policy corresponds at best to the short-term interests of the employers given that these employees are frequently over-qualified, highly motivated and relatively cheap. However, the short-term alleviation of sectoral or regional bottle-necks conserves existing structures and thus delays policies of modernisation and fails to exploit innovative potential.

Expatriates, who are largely recruited from the international internal labour markets, mainly serve the purpose of integration of foreign outlets by imparting management orientations and work attitudes (soft skills) to local managers. The fact that Poland with its large market, geographical location and labour force potential has an important and not only temporary role as a production location in the new Europe is also reflected in the parameters of firms' posting policies. This is made clear by the comparison with Latvia, which earns fewer "points" in all three respects and is therefore mainly counted as a sales market in the multinationals' calculations. The degree to which remigrants, in particular, are sought by western companies as experts and managers - representing a link with previous migration processes - depends on the enterprise profile of the diaspora in question; this phenomenon is relatively pronounced in the Polish case, though it only concerns a kind of "second-class expatriate". In Latvia, the strong presence of Scandinavian enterprises and the above-average share of Finns among the expatriates demonstrate the renewal of old economic alliances in the region.

By contrast, the results of the two studies on the integration of two ethnic minorities in Berlin reveal gender-related processes of differentiation:

• In the Polish community, a transnationalisation of social networks and, in parallel, their gender-related constitution is evident in the 1990s.
• There is evidence of different motivations and processes amongst women and men in connection with the growing share of self-employed in the population of Turkish origin.

Hillmann. F.; Rudolph, H. (1997): Redistributing the Cake? Ethnicisation Processes in the Berlin Food Sector, Discusson Paper FS I 97-101 des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin.

Hillmann, F.; Rudolph, H. (1997): S(Z)eitenwechsel - Internationale Mobilität Hochqualifizierter am Beispiel Polen, Soziale Welt, special wolume 12 edited by Pries, Ludger: Transnationale Migration, pp. 245-263.

Hillmann, F.; Rudolph, H. (1997): Au-delà de la "fuite des cerveaux": la mobilité des personnes hautement qualifiées de l'ouest vers la Pologne, Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, Vol. 13, H. 1, pp. 71-92.

Hillmann, F.; Rudolph, H. (1996): Jenseits des brain drain. Zur Mobilität westlicher Fach- und Führungskräfte nach Polen, Discussion Paper FS I 96-103 des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin.

Miera, Frauke (2001):Transnationalisierung sozialer Räume? Migration aus Polen nach Berlin in den 80er und 90er Jahren, in: Pallaske, Christoph (ed.): Die Migration von Polen nach Deutschland. Zu Geschichte und Gegenwart eines europäischen Migrationssystems, Baden-Baden.

Miera, Frauke (1999): Are Recent Migrants to Berlin Part of a Polish Community?, in: Przeglad Polonijny, pp. 47-69.

Miera, Frauke (1997): Migration aus Polen zwischen nationaler Migrationspolitik und transnationalen Lebensräumen, in: Leviathan, Zuwanderung und Stadtentwicklung (special), pp. 9-30.

Miera, Frauke (1996): Zuwanderer und Zuwanderinnen aus Polen in Berlin in den 90er Jahren - Thesen über Auswirkungen der Migrationspolitiken auf ihre Arbeitsmarktsituation und Netzwerke, Discussion Paper FS I 96-106 des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin.

Morokvasic, M.; Rudolph, H. (eds.) (1996): Migrants. Les nouvelles mobilités en Europe, Paris: ¬ Editions L'Harmattan.

Morokvasic, M.; Rudolph, H. (eds.) (1994): Wanderungsraum Europa. Menschen und Grenzen in Bewegung. Berlin: ¬edition sigma.

Morokvasic, M.; Rudolph, H. (eds.) (1994): New Mobilities - New Trends in Migration, special volume: "Innovation: The European Journal of Social Sciences", Vol. 7, H. 2, Abingdon: Carfax Publ. Co., pp. 106-198.

Morokvasic, M.; Rudolph, H. (1996): Introduction, in: dies. (eds.): Migrants. Les nouvelles mobilités en Europe, Paris: ¬ Editions L'Harmattan, pp. 9-30.

Rudolph, H. (2000): Foreign Companies and the Transformation Processes in Poland: The Role of Western Financial and Human Capital, in: Tzeng, Rueyling; Uzzi, Brian (eds.): Embeddedness & Corporate Change in a Global Economy, New York et al.: Peter Lang, pp. 239-262.

Rudolph, H. (1998): Das Ausland im Inland, in: Schwengel, Hermann (ed.): Grenzenlose Gesellschaft?, 29. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie, Freiburg i.Br., Vol. II/1, Pfaffenweiler: Centaurus, pp. 297-299.

Rudolph, H. (1996): The new gastarbeiter system in Germany, in: New Community, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 287-300.

Rudolph, H. (1996): Les Frontaliers de la République Tchèque en Bavière, in: Morokvasic, Mirjana ; Rudolph, Hedwig (eds.): Migrants. Les nouvelles mobilités en Europe. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, pp. 211-240.

Rudolph, H. (1996): Die Dynamik der Einwanderung im Nichteinwanderungsland Deutschland, in: Fassmann, Heinz; Münz; Rainer (eds.): Migration in Europa. Historische Entwicklung, aktuelle Trends, politische Reaktionen, Frankfurt a.M./New York: Campus, pp. 161-181.

Rudolph, H. (1995): Miedzynarodowa mobilnosc i narodowy potencjal pracy: brain drain czy train brain w Polsce?, in: Wisniewskiego, Zenona (ed.): Kwalifikacje a rynek pracy w procesie transformacji gospodarcezej, Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika, Torún, pp. 31-41.

Rudolph, H. (1994): Grenzgängerinnen und Grenzgänger aus Tschechien in Bayern, in: Morokvasic, Mirjana; Rudolph, Hedwig (eds.): Wanderungsraum Europa. Menschen und Grenzen in Bewegung. Berlin: ¬edition sigma, pp. 225-249.

Rudolph, H. (1994): German Maquiladora? Foreign Workers in the Process of Regional Economic Restructuring, in: Innovation in Social Sciences Research, Vol. 7, H. 2, pp. 137-149.

Rudolph, H. (1994): Ex Oriente Lux? Gastwissenschaftlerinnen und Gastwissenschaftler aus Mittelosteuropa und der ehemaligen UdSSR an deutschen Forschungsinstituten, Discussion Paper FS I 94-105 des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin.

Rudolph, H. (1994): Dynamics of Immigration in a Non-Immigrant Country: Germany, in: Fassmann, Heinz; Münz, Rainer (eds.): European Migration in the Late 20th Century. Aldershot:  ¬ Edward Elgar , pp. 113-126.

Rudolph, H.; Hillmann, F. (1998): Via Baltica. Die Rolle westlicher Fach- und Führungskräfte im Transformationsprozeß Lettlands, Discussion Paper FS I 98-106 des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung, Berlin.

Rudolph, H.; Hillmann, F. (1998): The Invisible Hand Needs Visible Heads: Managers, Experts, and Professionals from Western Countries in Poland, in: Koser; Khalid; Lutz, Helma (eds.): The New Migration in Europe: Social Constructions and Social Realities, London: ¬ MacMillan, pp. 60-89.

Rudolph, H.; Hillmann, F. (1998): How Turkish is the donar kebab? Turks in Berlin's food sector, in: Journal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Vol. 114, No. 3, November, pp. 138-147.

Rudolph, H.; Hillmann, F. (1997): Döner contra Boulette - Döner und Boulette: Berliner türkischer Herkunft als Arbeitskräfte und Unternehmer im Nahrungsgütersektor, Leviathan, special volume edited by Häußermann, Hartmut; Oswald, Ingrid: Zuwanderung und Stadtentwicklung, Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 85-105.

Rudolph, H.; Hillmann, F. (1996): Internationale Mobilität von Hochqualifizierten, in: Faist, Thomas; Hillmann, Felicitas; Zühlke-Robinet, Klaus (eds.): Neue Migrationsprozesse: politisch-institutionelle Regulierung und Wechselbeziehungen zum Arbeitsmarkt, ZeS-Arbeitspapier No. 6, pp. 83-93.

Rudolph, H.; Hillmann, F. (1995): Arbeitsmigration zwischen Ost- und Westeuropa, in: Beschäftigungsobservatorium Ostdeutschland, Vol. 14 (March), Berlin, pp. 3-7.

Rudolph, H.; Hübner, S. (1993): Repatriates - Guest Workers - Immigrants: Legacies and Challenges for German Politics, in: Rudolph, H.; Morokvasic, M. (eds.): Bridging States and Markets. International Migration in the Early 1990s, Berlin: ¬edition sigma, pp. 265-289.

Rudolph; H.; Morokvasic, M.(1995): "Grenzen staatlicher Wanderungskontrollen im 'neuen' Europa", in: Rudolph, H. (ed.), Geplante Wandel, ungeplante Wirkungen. WZB-Jahrbuch 1995, Berlin: ¬edition sigma, pp.113-131.

Rudolph, H.; Morokvasic, M. (eds.) (1993): Bridging States and Markets. International Migration in the Early 1990s, Berlin: ¬edition sigma.